What is the primary physical mechanism causing the star's outer envelope to swell hundreds of times its original radius during the red giant phase?

Answer

Enormous outward thermal pressure generated by shell fusion.

The intense energy output from hydrogen shell burning generates a massive outward thermal pressure wave that forces the star's outer envelope far from the core.

What is the primary physical mechanism causing the star's outer envelope to swell hundreds of times its original radius during the red giant phase?

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