What major cosmological concept was demonstrated by Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's orbiting bodies?
Answer
That not everything revolved around the Earth
The discovery of the Medicean Stars (Galilean moons) orbiting Jupiter provided a tangible, miniature model of the solar system, proving that Earth was not the sole center of all motion.

Related Questions
Where is the invention of the telescope often attributed?What was the approximate maximum magnification Galileo achieved with his improved instruments?What did Galileo observe on the Moon that challenged Aristotelian cosmology?What major cosmological concept was demonstrated by Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's orbiting bodies?What model did the observation of Venus's full range of phases support?The telescope primarily shifted the basis of cosmic understanding from what to what?What optical distortion was a primary limitation of early lens-based refractor telescopes?What innovation did Isaac Newton and others introduce to mitigate chromatic distortion?When observing distant objects through a telescope, what temporal concept are we engaging with?Besides visible light, what types of radiation do modern specialized telescopes capture?