What keeps the subsurface oceans warm on moons like Europa and Enceladus, independent of a parent star's light?

Answer

Tidal heating

Moons like Europa and Enceladus maintain liquid water oceans beneath their icy shells due to tidal heating generated by gravitational interactions with their massive parent planets.

What keeps the subsurface oceans warm on moons like Europa and Enceladus, independent of a parent star's light?

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