What causes a star transitioning from the main sequence to become a Red Giant?

Answer

Massive expansion of outer layers coupled with a drop in surface temperature

The increased energy output pushes the star's envelope to inflate significantly. As these layers expand far from the core, their surface temperature decreases, resulting in the characteristic cooler, large appearance of a Red Giant.

What causes a star transitioning from the main sequence to become a Red Giant?
evolutionhydrogenCorestarFusion