How is the effect size quantified, and what is its relationship to sample size?

Answer

It quantifies the strength or magnitude of the observed difference, remaining independent of the sample size.

Effect size moves the interpretation toward meaning by quantifying the strength of the relationship or difference, which is a property of the effect itself, not the study's sample size.

How is the effect size quantified, and what is its relationship to sample size?
SignificanceInterpretationeffectstatistic