What ultimate design constraint ensured the reflector design would eventually dominate professional astronomy for large apertures?

Answer

The structural penalty of supporting massive lenses at the rim limited refractor aperture size.

Even with chromatic aberration mitigated, the physical difficulty of manufacturing huge, flawless glass blanks and supporting them without sagging forced the focal length even longer, making reflectors structurally superior for achieving maximum light collection.

What ultimate design constraint ensured the reflector design would eventually dominate professional astronomy for large apertures?

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