What discovery concerning Venus provided the crucial empirical confirmation for the heliocentric arrangement?

Answer

Observing a complete set of phases, including a full disk

Seeing Venus go through a full cycle of phases, up to and including 'full,' could only be explained if Venus orbited the Sun, allowing observers to view its entire sunlit face at certain points in its orbit.

What discovery concerning Venus provided the crucial empirical confirmation for the heliocentric arrangement?

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Galileo's Revolutionary Observation - YouTube

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