What specific observational data provided Vera Rubin with hard evidence confirming the existence of invisible matter in the universe?

Answer

Meticulous observations of galactic rotation rates

Vera Rubin's detailed measurements of how fast stars rotated within galaxies showed that visible mass alone could not provide enough gravitational pull to hold them together, thus confirming Zwicky's theoretical proposal of dark matter.

What specific observational data provided Vera Rubin with hard evidence confirming the existence of invisible matter in the universe?

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