What major scientific discipline did the study of astronomy transition into once the telescope provided the data necessary to study the physical properties and dynamics of celestial objects?

Answer

Astrophysics

The shift occurred because the telescope provided the necessary empirical data to move beyond merely charting *where* objects were located, allowing scientists to investigate *how* these distant things worked, defining astrophysics.

What major scientific discipline did the study of astronomy transition into once the telescope provided the data necessary to study the physical properties and dynamics of celestial objects?
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