What English word rendered Schiaparelli's *canali* and cemented the artificial concept for Lowell?

Answer

"canals"

American astronomers, including Lowell, read Schiaparelli's findings through an English translation that rendered the Italian word *canali* (meaning channels or grooves) specifically as "canals," which implies artificial construction.

What English word rendered Schiaparelli's *canali* and cemented the artificial concept for Lowell?
MarsastronomyLowellCanal