What process must occur for carbon locked away in planetary crust as carbonates to become biologically available?

Answer

Plate tectonics and volcanism must be active enough to cycle materials

Carbon locked up in the crust as carbonates is rendered unavailable for synthesis unless processes like plate tectonics and volcanism are active enough to cycle those materials back into the environment.

What process must occur for carbon locked away in planetary crust as carbonates to become biologically available?

#Videos

Planet Earth - What Makes It Habitable? - YouTube

planetliferequirement