In the ice cream and drowning example, what factor causes both increases?
Answer
Hot summer weather (Temperature)
Hot summer weather acts as a confounding variable; the heat causes more people to buy ice cream and simultaneously causes more people to swim, leading to correlated but not causally linked events.

Related Questions
What fundamental claim does causation make that correlation does not?Over what range does the correlation coefficient typically vary?Which criterion for establishing true causation requires the presumed cause to happen first?In the ice cream and drowning example, what factor causes both increases?What describes the situation where fitness leads to bicycle ownership, but the relationship is mistakenly viewed the other way around?What is often considered the gold standard for establishing causation in controlled investigations?Which type of correlation describes two variables tending to increase together?What is the relationship between two variables that move independently with no discernible pattern linking their changes?What does achieving a correlation coefficient of +1.0 confirm about two variables?According to the analysis table, what action is generally inappropriate based solely on observing that A and B rise together (Positive Correlation)?What role does correlation play in the study of causation?