surface articles

How do crater counts tell us the age of a surface?

The simple appearance of a heavily cratered planetary landscape might seem chaotic, yet those overlapping circles and bo...

What reflects sunlight the most on Earth?

The surface on our planet that throws back the most incoming solar radiation is not always the same, but generally, the ...

What is the Earth's reflective surface?

The phenomenon governing how much of the sun's energy bounces back into space versus how much is absorbed by our planet ...

What did Galileo Galilei discover on the Moon surface?

The simple act of pointing a newly refined telescope toward the heavens fundamentally shifted humanity’s understanding o...

What color of star has the lowest surface temperature?

The star boasting the lowest surface temperature is **red**. This might seem counterintuitive to someone whose only expe...

How do plate tectonics shape Earth’s surface?

The dynamic processes occurring deep beneath our feet are the primary architects of the world we see above ground, dicta...