cell articles

What determines battery capacity?

Understanding battery capacity is far more nuanced than looking at a single number on a product label. It dictates how l...

How does the immune system distinguish self from non-self?

The entire function of the immune system hinges on an extraordinary feat of molecular recognition: separating the body’s...

How do fuel cells differ from batteries?

The shift toward sustainable energy solutions has placed two distinct technologies—batteries and fuel cells—at the foref...

How do solar cells generate electricity?

This is the foundational question for understanding one of the fastest-growing sources of modern power generation: how d...