Base articles
What can I use as substrate?
The foundation of any contained ecosystem, whether it’s a tropical planted aquarium, a desert reptile terrarium, or a co...
What can be a substrate?
The term substrate appears frequently across scientific and technical disciplines, often confusing those new to a field ...
How does pH affect solubility?
The way a solid dissolves in water is not always a fixed property; it can be dramatically altered by the acidity or alka...
What defines an acid–base reaction at the molecular level?
Chemical reactions involving acids and bases are fundamental to chemistry, yet pinning down the *precise* molecular even...
Why are there limits to ground-based telescopes?
The fundamental challenges facing ground-based telescopes are not about the size of the mirror they can polish, but rath...
What process creates layers in planets based on composition and density?
The process that sculpts planets into distinct, concentric layers—like an onion sliced through its center—is a fundament...
What are two good reasons to use a ground-based telescope instead of a space telescope?
The image of a gleaming space telescope, floating silently above the clouds, often captures the public imagination as th...