electricity articles
What is the fundamental physical process that converts light from the sun directly into electricity in solar panels?
What are the tiny packets of energy that compose sunlight called?
Which interaction with sunlight photons is crucial for contributing energy toward creating an electrical current?
What material is the overwhelming choice for the semiconductor component inside commercial photovoltaic (PV) cells?
What is created by the specialized treatment of the two semiconductor layers in a PV cell junction?
What is the immediate result when a photon's energy is successfully transferred to an atom within the semiconductor material?
What type of electricity is the direct output generated by the photovoltaic effect?
What device must the DC output from solar cells pass through to be usable by the standard electrical grid?
What term describes the directed flow of electrons through an external circuit, which results from the charge imbalance in the cell?
What is the approximate power output of a single, small PV cell?
In what year was the first practical silicon PV cell developed at Bell Labs?
What is the fundamental operational distinction between batteries and fuel cells?
What is required for a fuel cell to generate electricity continuously?
How is the lifespan of a battery typically quantified?
Which metric generally gives batteries an advantage in short-range electric vehicles?
For heavy-duty vehicles requiring significant range, why might a fuel cell system offer better overall energy density than a massive battery pack?
What is the primary difference in runtime mechanics between the two technologies?
What is the typical byproduct that needs managing in a hydrogen fuel cell reaction?
What components are necessary in a fuel cell system that are not primary parts of a simple battery system?
Which application strongly favors fuel cell technology due to the need for continuous operation with minimal downtime?
How does the chemical reaction within a battery differ from that of a fuel cell regarding system boundaries?
What fundamentally generates an electric field ($\\mathbf{E}$)?
Magnetic fields ($\\mathbf{B}$) are created exclusively by what phenomenon?
If a charged particle is completely stationary ($\\mathbf{v}=0$) within a strong magnetic field, what magnetic force does it experience?
How do magnetic field lines fundamentally differ from electric field lines regarding their topology?
What constraint does the magnetic force place on changing a moving charge's speed?
According to Faraday's Law, what induces a circulating electric field?
Which unit is used to quantify electric field strength ($\\mathbf{E}$)?
What mechanism causes energy transfer between adjacent signal traces due to time-varying magnetic fields?
What principle reconciles the force experienced by a charged particle when observed from different inertial frames?
Which of the following statements is true regarding static fields and radiation?